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    The Right of the Kurdistan Region to Own and Manage the Energy Sector

    Trumpism and the wave of return to the nation-state

    Trumpism and the wave of return to the nation-state

    Iraqi Arab Summit; Identity problems between ethnic and religious depths

    Iraqi Arab Summit; Identity problems between ethnic and religious depths

    Iraq is the land of dictators and the land of mass graves

    Iraq is the land of dictators and the land of mass graves

    Smart glasses

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    What is happening in Gaza is genocide?

    What is happening in Gaza is genocide?

    Concept of Humanitarian Intervention and Decision 688

    Concept of Humanitarian Intervention and Decision 688

    How will Europeans cope with Trump’s policies?

    How will Europeans cope with Trump’s policies?

  • Economy
    The Influence of Kurdish Rugs, Textiles, and Jewelry in International Markets and Their Representation of Cultural Identity

    The Influence of Kurdish Rugs, Textiles, and Jewelry in International Markets and Their Representation of Cultural Identity

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    Significance and impact of tourism and agriculture on the Kurdistan Region

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    China’s economic strategy in a complex and unstable world

    China’s economic strategy in a complex and unstable world

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    In a memory of the Sykes-Picot Agreement and destiny of Kurds

    In a memory of the Sykes-Picot Agreement and destiny of Kurds

    A Brief History of NuRoj, Kurdish New Year — Newroz: second and final part

    Spiritual Revival of the Forgotten Traditions of NuRoj- Part One

    Iran and the Kurdish language

    Iran and the Kurdish language

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    Reasons and motives for the British to come to Kurdistan before World War I

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    The importance of the mother tongue and the dangers of foreign language domination

    The importance of the referendum and the desire for Kurdistan’s independence

    The importance of the referendum and the desire for Kurdistan’s independence

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    On the margins of the 101st anniversary of the Treaty of Lausanne

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    Referendum and the awareness of independence of a stateless nation

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    Which comes first, human rights or legal agreements?

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    Compare Iraq with Ukraine

    Populism: A term used too much, less Understanding

    Populism: A term used too much, less Understanding

    Frameworks and legal principles of Political Opposition in Kurdistan Region (1)

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    Frameworks and legal principles of Political Opposition in Kurdistan Region (1)

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    Frameworks and legal principles of Political Opposition in Kurdistan Region (1)

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    Tighten the sanction on Iran and its Effects on the Kurdistan Region

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    The Kurds are my brothers

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    The Moogs Median Revolution in the Herodotus Narrations

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    Kurds as the Latest Victim of the National State

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    Kurdistan: new state in the Middle East

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    Kurdistan independence and US national security

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    Concerning Xaj and Siaband Epic

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Barriers to reform in Iraq

Frsat Said Shukur by Frsat Said Shukur
April 20, 2023
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“Corruption in Iraq”

In the context of Iraq, the most harmful effects of corruption occur from the infiltration of private interests throughout the state. The main problems are the increase public sector salaries and widespread fraud in relation to government contracts.

“Understanding in Corruption in Iraq”

Corruption in Iraq is often understood as an individual crime motivated by personal greed and a tendency to violate the law, intended for self-enrichment. However, the political corruption at the center of the post-2003 appears is political system which had more consequences in the state and the day-to-day working of institutions. This means that this systematic corruption is carried out at the elite level, which involving a collective decision rather than individual to use access to state resources unfairly in favor of the ruling class.

According to Transparency International’s definition, political corruption is “the manipulation of domestic policies, institutions, and regulations in the allocation of resources and finances by political decision-makers, whom abuse their position to sustain their power, status and wealth”. Nearly two decades after the invasion and occupation, generally the resources extracted from the state treasury through political corruption are so numerous, which it is too difficult to estimate. In 2014, Ahmad Chalabi when he was chairman of the Finance Committee of the Iraqi Parliament, assessed; the country has lost $551 billion in corruption during Maliki’s two presidencies’ period.

Before the 2018 elections, the Iraqi parliament’s Transparency Commission estimated that at least $320 billion in government funds had gone missing over the past 15 years. At the end of his first term as finance minister (2005-2006), Allawi assessed that between 25 and 30 percent of the government’s budget spent to the ruling political parties. By 2020, in his second term as finance minister, he expected that between $100 billion and $300 billion would be held abroad by Iraqis, adding that ‘the vast majority of these assets are acquired illegally.

Iraq’s oil wealth and centralized economy have led to corruption and the growth of personal wealth. For example, from 2004 to 2009 the Department of Petroleum lost nearly $1.5 billion due to price increases and supply shortages. In another example; “The amount of money the Ministry of Electricity suffered between 2003 and 2011 as a result of oil theft by oil companies contracted with the ministry is estimated at $200 million a month,” said Talal al-Zubai, a member of the Iraqi parliament. Similarly, corruption in power generation and distribution is estimated to have caused $4-6 billion in losses between 2003 and 2020, mainly through padded contracts and the purchase of expensive or inappropriate equipment.

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